Characteristics of the means and methods used in soccer training / Características dos meios e métodos utilizados no treinamento de futebol / Características de los medios y métodos utilizados en el entrenamiento de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction The correct understanding and implementation of the tasks set by the coach for the player are achieved through a wide variety of training sessions. To date, the question of training effectiveness and the preparation of professional soccer players for matches has not been sufficiently studied. Objective Study the means and methods used in soccer training. By comparison, find out which method is most effective in achieving a positive result during the game and maintaining the players' health. Methods The study used mathematical and physical methods and comparative analysis. In the study, the main training methods in a team were considered. A comparative analysis was made between two types of individual soccer players' training to improve physical and technical parameters. Result We established which parameters influence the choice of the training scheme. The effectiveness of both training systems is proven by the statistical indicators of soccer players who train according to these methods. Conclusion The effectiveness of the training methodology chosen by a soccer player depends on his initial physical abilities and professional skills. The study's practical significance is determined by the fact that the proposed methods can be used in training professional athletes. Evidence level II; Therapeutic studies - outcomes research.

RESUMO Introdução A correta compreensão e implementação das tarefas definidas pelo treinador para o jogador é alcançada através de uma ampla variedade de sessões de treinamento. Até hoje, a questão da eficácia do treinamento e a preparação dos jogadores profissionais de futebol para os jogos não foi suficientemente estudada. Objetivo Estudar os meios e métodos utilizados no treinamento de futebol e, por comparação, descobrir qual dos métodos é mais eficaz para obter um resultado positivo durante o jogo e manter a saúde dos jogadores. Métodos O estudo utilizou métodos matemáticos e físicos, assim como análise comparativa. No decorrer do estudo, foram considerados os principais métodos de treinamento em uma equipe. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre dois tipos de treinamento individual de jogadores de futebol, objetivando melhorar parâmetros físicos e técnicos. Resultado Foram estabelecidos quais parâmetros influenciam a escolha do esquema de treinamento. A eficácia de ambos os sistemas de treinamento é comprovada pelos indicadores estatísticos dos jogadores de futebol que treinam de acordo com estes métodos. Conclusão A eficácia da metodologia de treinamento escolhida por um jogador de futebol depende de suas habilidades físicas iniciais e habilidades profissionais. O significado prático do estudo é determinado pelo fato de que os métodos propostos podem ser utilizados no treinamento de atletas profissionais. Evidência nível II; Estudos terapêuticos - pesquisa de resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción La correcta comprensión y ejecución de las tareas establecidas por el entrenador para el jugador se consigue a través de una amplia variedad de sesiones de entrenamiento. Hasta hoy, la cuestión de la eficacia del entrenamiento y la preparación de los futbolistas profesionales para los partidos no se ha estudiado suficientemente. Objetivo Estudiar los medios y métodos utilizados en el entrenamiento de fútbol y, por comparación, averiguar qué método es más eficaz para conseguir un resultado positivo durante el juego y mantener la salud de los jugadores. Métodos El estudio utilizó métodos matemáticos y físicos, así como análisis comparativos. En el transcurso del estudio, se consideraron los principales métodos de formación en un equipo. Se realizó un análisis comparativo entre dos tipos de entrenamiento individual de jugadores de fútbol, con el objetivo de mejorar los parámetros físicos y técnicos. Resultado Se estableció qué parámetros influyen en la elección del esquema de entrenamiento. La eficacia de ambos sistemas de entrenamiento queda demostrada por los indicadores estadísticos de los futbolistas que entrenan según estos métodos. Conclusión La eficacia de la metodología de entrenamiento elegida por un futbolista depende de sus capacidades físicas iniciales y de sus habilidades profesionales. La importancia práctica del estudio viene determinada por el hecho de que los métodos propuestos pueden utilizarse en el entrenamiento de atletas profesionales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados.

Application of winning mentality in the ideological and political education of college physical education students / Aplicación de la mentalidad ganadora en la formación ideológica y política de estudiantes universitarios de educación física

Chinese physical education aims to improve students' physiques gradually, enable them to grasp specific fitness knowledge and skills, and encourage their physical and mental health growth. A questionnaire study of 470 college students in physical education is administered to determine the application of winning psychology in college physical education students' ideological and political education (PE). In addition, SPSS 17.0 was employed for the statistical analysis. According to the results, male and female college students exhibited dramatically different opinions toward doping. Males were likelier to dope than girls (p<0.05) and were more susceptible to coach, teammate, and environmental pressure. Moreover, it is stated that teachers should not only convey their knowledge and skills but also teach students by words and acts during the teaching process, infect students with their charismatic personalities, and teach students how to behave. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the most significant difference between physical education instruction and traditional ways of teaching other courses is that there is almost no distance between professors and students, and students will even compete with their teachers in sports.(AU)

Deep learning analysis on the resulting impacts of weekly load training on students' biological system / Análise do aprendizado profundo nos impactos resultantes dos treinos semanais de carga sobre o sistema biológico dos estudantes / Análisis de aprendizaje profundo sobre los impactos resultantes de los entrenamientos semanales de carga en el sistema biológico de los estudiantes

ABSTRACT Introduction The recent development of the deep learning algorithm as a new multilayer network machine learning algorithm has reduced the problem of traditional training algorithms easily falling into minimal places, becoming a recent direction in the learning field. Objective Design and validate an artificial intelligence model for deep learning of the resulting impacts of weekly load training on students' biological system. Methods According to the physiological and biochemical indices of athletes in the training process, this paper analyzes the actual data of athletes' training load in the annual preparation period. The characteristics of athletes' training load in the preparation period were discussed. The value, significance, composition factors, arrangement principle and method of calculation, and determination of weekly load density using the deep learning algorithm are discussed. Results The results showed that the daily 24-hour random sampling load was moderate intensity, low and high-intensity training, and enhanced the physical-motor system and neural reactivity. Conclusion The research shows that there can be two activities of "teaching" and "training" in physical education and sports training. The sports biology monitoring research proves to be a growth point of sports training research with great potential for expansion for future research. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O recente desenvolvimento do algoritmo de aprendizado profundo como um novo algoritmo de aprendizado de máquina de rede multicamadas reduziu o problema dos algoritmos de treinamento tradicionais, que facilmente caiam em locais mínimos, tornando-se uma direção recente no campo do aprendizado. Objetivo Desenvolver e validar um modelo de inteligência artificial para aprendizado profundo dos impactos resultantes dos treinos semanais de carga sobre o sistema biológico dos estudantes. Métodos De acordo com os índices fisiológicos e bioquímicos dos atletas no processo de treinamento, este artigo analisa os dados reais da carga de treinamento dos atletas no período anual de preparação. As características da carga de treinamento dos atletas no período de preparação foram discutidas. O valor, significância, fatores de composição, princípio de arranjo e método de cálculo e determinação da densidade de carga semanal usando o algoritmo de aprendizado profundo são discutidos. Resultados Os resultados mostraram que a carga diária de 24 horas de amostragem aleatória foi de intensidade moderada, treinamento de baixa densidade e alta intensidade, e o sistema físico-motor e a reatividade neural foram aprimorados. Conclusão A pesquisa mostra que pode haver duas atividades de "ensino" e "treinamento" na área de educação física e no treinamento esportivo. A pesquisa de monitoramento da biologia esportiva revela-se um ponto de crescimento da pesquisa de treinamento esportivo com grande potencial de expansão para pesquisas futuras. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El reciente desarrollo del algoritmo de aprendizaje profundo como un nuevo algoritmo de aprendizaje automático de red multicapa ha reducido el problema de los algoritmos de entrenamiento tradicionales, que caen fácilmente en lugares mínimos, convirtiéndose en una dirección reciente en el campo del aprendizaje. Objetivo Desarrollar y validar un modelo de inteligencia artificial para el aprendizaje profundo de los impactos resultantes del entrenamiento de la carga semanal en el sistema biológico de los estudiantes. Métodos De acuerdo con los índices fisiológicos y bioquímicos de los atletas en el proceso de entrenamiento, este artículo analiza los datos reales de la carga de entrenamiento de los atletas en el período de preparación anual. Se analizaron las características de la carga de entrenamiento de los atletas en el periodo de preparación. Se analizan el valor, el significado, los factores de composición, el principio de disposición y el método de cálculo y determinación de la densidad de carga semanal mediante el algoritmo de aprendizaje profundo. Resultados Los resultados mostraron que la carga diaria de 24 horas de muestreo aleatorio era de intensidad moderada, de baja densidad y de alta intensidad de entrenamiento, y que el sistema físico-motor y la reactividad neural mejoraban. Conclusión La investigación muestra que puede haber dos actividades de "enseñanza" y "formación" en la educación física y el entrenamiento deportivo. La investigación sobre el seguimiento de la biología del deporte demuestra ser un punto de crecimiento de la investigación sobre el entrenamiento deportivo con un gran potencial de expansión para futuras investigaciones. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Consejo técnico escolar: participación virtual de los docentes de educación física de una zona escolar de Chihuahua durante la pandemia / School technical council: virtual participation of physical education teachers in a school zone in Chihuahua during the pandemic

Este estudio se enfocó en los trabajos del Consejo Técnico Escolar para explorar e identificar las temáticas, organización e interacción de los docentes de Educación Física y el posible regreso a clases. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio con una iniciativa didáctica de micro investigación, participando 15 maestros de una zona escolar, respondiendo una encuesta de opinión. En cuanto a las formas de intervención en la educación a distancia entre los docentes mujeres y hombres, se encontraron diferencias con relación a los recursos tecnológicos y materiales apropiados (p < .025). En el manejo de las emociones de los docentes se observaron diferencias significativas en las mujeres (p < 0.028). La educación a distancia y los programas de mejora son los principales temas abordados, seguidos de la educación socioemocional y evaluación, para lo cual han tenido que desarrollar estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje de forma remota. Se concluye que se han logrado pocos aprendizajes en la educación virtual.

This study focused on the works carried out by the School Technical Council to explore and identify the themes, organization and interaction of Physical Education teachers and their possible return to classes. An exploratory descriptive study was performed, with didactic micro-research initiative. An opinion survey was answered by 15 teachers from a school district. Regarding the forms of intervention in remote education among female and male teachers, differences were found relating to technological resources and appropriate equipment (p < .025). In regard to teachers' emotional management, there were significant differences observed in women (p < 0.028). The main topics addressed were remote education and improvement programs, followed by socioemotional education and evaluation, for which they had to develop specific strategies for remote teaching and accomplish some learning goals in remote and virtual learning.

Test de condición física: Modelo tradicional versus modelo de educación deportiva / Fitness Testing: Traditional Model Versus Sport Education Model

El objetivo fue comparar el uso de dos planteamientos metodológicos, el modelo tradicional (MT) y el Modelo de Educación Deportiva (MED), en la valoración de las capacidades físicas básicas con 118 estudiantes de 13 años (M = 12,81, DE = 0,74). Los resultados indicaron que el uso del MED produjo mayores puntuaciones en las variables autonomía, competencia, relación, y motivación intrínseca. Los varones se aburrieron más y las mujeres sintieron menor presión-tensión con el MED. Los resultados registrados por el profesor en todos los test mediante el MT se correspondían con los resultados registrados por los alumnos con el MED con una fiabilidad que oscilaba entre buena y excelente. Con base en la teoría de la autodeterminación, se sugiere que el uso del MED en la enseñanza y aplicación de los test de condición física puede producir beneficios sin perder fiabilidad en la valoración de la condición física. (AU)

The aim was to compare the use of two methodological approaches, the traditional model (TM) and the Sport Education Model (SEM) on the assessment of physical fitness with 118 students of 13 years old (M = 12.81, SD = 0.74). The results indicated that the use of the MED in physical fitness test administration produced higher scores on the variables autonomy, competence, relationship, and intrinsic motivation. Males became more bored and females felt less pressure-tension with the SEM. Fitness assessment from both methodological approaches were similar, indicating good reliability in data collection. Based on the self-determination theory, the results of this study suggest that the use of the SEM in fitness testing can produce benefits in the students without losing reliability in fitness testing. (AU)

The high-intensity interval training introduced in physical education lessons decrease systole in high blood pressure adolescents.

Increased resting blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for many health complications. The prevalence of elevated BP is growing among adolescents. There is a need to investigate effective ways of decreasing excessive blood pressure in this age group. The study aim was to determine the effect of 10-weeks High-Intensive Interval Training (HIIT)-Tabata protocol-introduced in physical education (PE) lessons on resting blood pressure in adolescents. The sample included 52 boys aged 16.23 ± 0.33 years body height176.74 ± 6.07 (m), body weight 65.42 ± 12.51 (kg), BMI 20.89 ± 3.53 (kg/m2) and 89 girls aged 16.12 ± 0.42 years, body height 164.38 ± 6.54 (m), body weight 56.71 ± 10.23 (kg), BMI 20.93 ± 3.08 (kg/m2) from secondary school. Based on resting BP, the fractions of boys and girls with normal BP and high BP were identified and divided into experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. EG completed a 10-weeks HIIT program (three cycles of Tabata protocol) implemented in one PE lesson during a week. The duration of the effort was 14 min. The intensity was at 75-80% of maximal heart rate. Changes in systolic and diastolic BP after the experiment were examined. The results indicated the improvement in SBP in EG with high BP compared to the rest of the groups (average reduction of 12.77 mmHg; p < 0.0001). The EG normotensive had a statistically significant higher reduction of SBP comparing CG normotensive (average decrease of 1.81 mmHG; p = 0.0089). HIIT effectively decreases BP in adolescents. Implementing HIIT in PE lessons in secondary school is recommended to improve BP parameters.

Propuesta de intervención de gamificación en educación física basada en el universo de Harry Potter / Gamification intervention proposal in physical education based on the Harry Potter universe

En el presente trabajo se elabora y desarrolla una propuesta de innovación docente en el área de Educación Física para el primer curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en la que se utilizó la metodología de gamificación para trabajar los deportes alternativos. La gamificación es una metodología que consigue aumentar uno de los aspectos más relevantes para el aprendizaje del alumnado, como es la motivación. A través de esta intervención se pretende, ofrecer un recurso educativo que ayude a mejorar la motivación e implicación del alumnado en las clases de Educación Física de acuerdo con los antecedentes de investigación existentes sobre la gamificación. En esta propuesta se trabajaron los deportes alternativos “Juego de Palas” y “Ultimabola” a través de una unidad didáctica gamificada basada en el universo de Harry Potter, con los objetivos de mejorar los elementos técnico-tácticos propios de estos deportes y mostrar habilidades y actitudes de respeto, trabajo en equipo y deportividad. La propuesta fue dividida metodológicamente en cuatro partes interconectadas que incluyen, a su vez, los instrumentos necesarios para evaluar al alumnado acerca de los contenidos trabajados, siendo estas partes el desempeño mágico individual, el desempeño mágico colectivo, la actitud mágica y el diario mágico. Los resultados indican que se produce buenos resultados de aprendizaje así como una gran implicación de los estudiantes tanto en los desempeños individuales como colectivos. (AU)

In the present article, a teaching innovation proposal in the area of Physical Education was elaborated and developed, in which the innovative methodology of gamification was used to work on alternative sports in the first year of secondary education. Gamification is a methodology that manages to improve one of the most important aspects for the students learning, such as motivation. Through this intervention it is intended to offer an educational resource that helps to improve the motivation and involvement of the students in Physical Education classes in accordance with the existing research background on gamification. In this proposal, the alternative sports "Juego de Palas" and "Ultimabola" were worked through a gamified didactic unit based on the Harry Potter universe, with the aim of improving the technical-tactical elements of these sports and showing skills and attitudes of respect, teamwork and sportsmanship. The proposal was methodologically divided into four interconnected parts that include, in turn, the necessary instruments to evaluate the students about the contents worked on, these parts being the individual magical performance, the collective magical performance, the magical attitude and the magical diary. The results indicate that good learning results were obtained as well as a great involvement of the students in both individual and collective performances. (AU)

Effects of neuromuscular training on psychomotor development and active joint position sense in school children.

As psychomotor development occurs in a specific social context, the environment in which a child is reared is important. The randomized study involved forty-five school children between 8 and 10 years. They were assigned to a control group (n = 23) and a neuromuscular training group (n = 22). A neuromuscular intervention for six weeks, on two nonconsecutive days, and in a circuit with 30-second stations was performed. The psychomotor development was evaluated through a psychomotor battery and the active joint position sense through the positional error. In the control group, the positional error decreased significantly in the shoulder (p < 0.001) and hip (p < 0.001), while the scores of motor function increased significantly which included balance (p < 0.001), spatio-temporal structuring (p = 0.022), global praxia (p = 0.002), and fine praxia (p = 0.003). In the neuromuscular training group, the positional error decreased significantly in the shoulder (p = 0.015), elbow (p = 0.015), wrist (p < 0.001), hip (p < 0.001), knee (p < 0.001), and ankle (p < 0.001), while the motor function scores increased significantly which included tonicity (p < 0.001), balance (p < 0.001), notion of the body (p < 0.001), spatio-temporal structuring (p < 0.001), global praxia (p < 0.001), and fine praxia (p < 0.001). A six-week neuromuscular training improved active joint position sense and psychomotor development in children.

Gender inequality in table tennis: an analysis of women coaches in certification courses

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to investigate the presence of women coaches in table tennis certification courses carried out by national and international federations. Methods: We carried out an analysis on documents extracted from the official websites of the Brazilian Table Tennis Confederation (CBTM) and the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). Those documents presented the certificated coaches by each organization. We also collected information about the location of the coach according to the five macro-regions of Brazil. Results: We found a greater frequency of men (89.3%) compared to women (10.7%) in ITTF courses and, in Brazil, we also found a higher rate of men (83.7%) compared to women (16.3%) certified by CBTM. We found no increase in women's participation in ITFF courses over the years. In both national and international courses, most of the women coaches (international = 36%; national = 46.4%) were from the Southeast, while few women coaches were found in the Northeast and North. Conclusion: The findings of our study reveal that the training process of table tennis coaches is still mostly occupied by men. We also found a discrepancy between the macro-regions of the country where most women coaches are from the Southeast. CBTM managed to almost double the women's representation among coaches (from 10.7% to 16%) due to the policy that has been adopted in an attempt to increase the number of women in the sport. We highlight the importance of gender equality policies to improve women coaches' participation in table tennis.

Cardiovascular physiology and autonomic heart control principles: the use of a station rotation strategy to recall basic cardiovascular knowledge among exercise science students

Abstract Aim: Cardiovascular physiology learned by exercise science students is often quickly forgotten. We tested whether a state rotation model would help students to recall key principles of Cardiovascular Physiology (CV). Methods: Seventy-one undergraduate students enrolled in the Exercise Physiology Course at the School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, participated in the study. The students were randomly assigned into one of 4 stations, dedicated to recalling the concepts of the heart as a pump (e.g. preload, post-load, and contractility; station 1) and hemodynamics (e.g. serial and parallel conductance; station 2) by using the educational tool. Heart rate (HR) control by sympathetic nervous system activation (station 3) and HR control by vagal activation (station 4) were assessed by quantifying HR response to the Stroop color and word test and during face immersion in cold water, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of the intervention, we used a Socrative app to launch eight multiple-choice questions before (PRE) and after (POST) the student's station rotation. The questions were related to the basic principles of exercise physiology and its consequences on the cardiovascular system. Results: The 4-station average score (% of corrected answers) achieved after the station rotation was higher than the score achieved before (71.21%, SD 14.50 vs. 31.07%, SD 18.04; for POST and PRE, respectively p < 0.005). Considering specific stations, the lowest score of corrected answers before the rotation was observed at station 2- hemodynamics when compared with station 1-heart as a pump and station 3/4 - autonomic control (18.9%, SD 0.9 vs. 46.5, SD 24.1 and 34.8, SD 2.1 for hemodynamics, heart as a pump and autonomic control, respectively). Interestingly, after the rotation, there was a significant increase in corrected scores for all stations (33.9, SD 9.8; 80.5, SD 4.6 and 90.2, SD 2.3, for hemodynamics, heart as a pump, and autonomic control, respectively). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the use of the educational tool was effective to recall CV principles that are essential to a better understanding of the CV responses to exercise and applying the concepts in exercise testing and prescription for different populations.

Inclusión del modelo emergente de educación aventura en la educación física en México / Inclusion of the emerging adventure education model in physical education in Mexico

RESUMEN La Educación Física ha estado en constante evolución, en las últimas décadas se ha transitado por diversos planteamientos educativos, en México se ha pasado de un enfoque militar, a uno deportivo, psicomotriz, orgánico-funcional, hasta llegar al actual que contempla la adquisición de aprendizajes claves. En este sentido, la adaptación de actividades físicas en el medio natural al contexto escolar surge como una posibilidad innovadora. En otros países, los programas basados en el modelo de Educación Aventura han demostrado favorecer el desarrollo integral de los escolares, teniendo beneficios psicológicos sociales y motrices. Por tal motivo, se propone la aplicación de actividades lúdicas con cuerdas como actividades pedagógicas en la Educación Física. Se concluye que el modelo de Educación Aventura representa posibilidades pedagógicas y didácticas que son pertinentes en las sesiones de Educación Física. Así mismo, las instituciones de educación superior deben replantear sus currículos incluyendo nuevos modelos pedagógicos para la práctica en el contexto educativo.

ABSTRACT Physical Education has been in constant evolution, in the past decades it has passed through various educational approaches, in Mexico it has gone from a military approach, to sports-based, to psychomotor-based, to organic-functional approach, to the current one that contemplates the acquisition of key learnings aspects. In this way, the adaptation of physical activities in the natural environment to the school context emerges as an innovative possibility. In other countries, programs based on the Adventure Education model have shown to favor the integral development of school children, having psychological, social and motor benefits. For this reason, the implementation of playful activities with ropes is proposed as pedagogical activities in Physical Education. It is concluded that the Adventure Education model represents pedagogical and didactic possibilities that are relevant in Physical Education sessions. Likewise, higher education institutions must rethink their curricula including emerging models for practice in the educational context.

Teachers' conceptions about approaches of activities in nature in the physical education classroom / Concepções dos professores sobre a abordagem das atividades na natureza na aula de educação física

ABSTRACT The objective is to understand the conceptions that Physical Education teachers have about Activities in Nature (ACN) that occur in the school context. The research is based on the interpretive paradigm with qualitative methodology, in which a semi-structured interview was applied to 12 high school Physical Education teachers in the city of Talca-Chile. The results indicate that these activities, among other things, contribute to a greater environmental awareness on the part of students, enabling the realization of different bodily practices in the natural environment. It is concluded that teachers need more training in the area, as the ACN become a pedagogical strategy that privileges autonomy, reflection and the development of values, fundamental issues for the integral development of young people and adolescents.

RESUMO O objetivo é compreender as concepções que os professores de Educação Física têm sobre as Atividades em Contato com a Natureza (ACN) que ocorrem no contexto escolar. A pesquisa se baseia no paradigma interpretativo com metodologia qualitativa, em que foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada a 12 professores de Educação Física do ensino médio da cidade de Talca-Chile. Os resultados indicam que essas atividades, entre outras coisas, contribuem para uma maior consciência ambiental por parte dos alunos, possibilitando a realização de diferentes práticas corporais no ambiente natural. Conclui-se que os professores necessitam de maior formação na área, visto que as ACN tournarm-se uma estratégia pedagógica que privilegia a autonomia, a reflexão e o desenvolvimento de valores, questões fundamentais para o desenvolvimento integral de jovens e adolescentes.

Comparison of affective responses during school physical education classes with different recovery times / Comparação das respostas afetivas durante aulas de educação física escolar com diferentes tempos de recuperação

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of exercise recovery time on the affective responses during a circuit training in physical education classes. Forty-six apparently healthy young adolescents (twenty-one girls) (12.85 ± 0.94 years; 49.7 ± 8.93 kg; 1.59 ± 0.08 cm; 19.51 ± 3.28 kg/m2) participated in this study. Were submitted participants for two physical education classes, based on circuited model of the same intensity, but with different recovery times (2 min and 1 min). The study was carried out in two phases: baseline and intervention. Affect, Arousal, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion data were analyzed using paired t-tests, considering a significance level of p < 0.05. The class with longer rest time (2 min) provided greater affection (t(45) = 3.586; p < 0,001) and less perceived effort (t(45) = 2.295; p = 0,026). The intensity manipulation strategy was effective in providing different affective responses, in which classes perceived as more intense, resulting in the decline of affect.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito do tempo de recuperação do exercício nas respostas afetivas durante um treinamento em circuito nas aulas de educação física. Quarenta e seis jovens adolescentes aparentemente saudáveis (vinte e uma meninas), com (12.85 ± 0.94 anos; 49.7 ± 8.93 kg; 1.59 ± 0.08 cm; 19.51 ± 3.28 kg/m2), participaram do estudo. Os participantes foram submetidos a duas aulas de educação física escolar, baseados em modelo de circuitos de mesma intensidade, porém com tempos de recuperação diferentes (2 min e 1 min). O estudo foi realizado em duas fases: base e intervenção. Os dados de Afeto, Ativação e Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço, foram analisados através de testes t pareados, considerando um nível de significância de p < 0,05. A aula com maior tempo de descanso (2 min) proporcionou maior afeto (t(45) = 3.586; p < 0,001) e menor esforço percebido (t(45) = 2.295; p = 0,026). A estratégia de manipulação da intensidade foi efetiva para proporcionar respostas afetivas diferentes, em que a aula percebida como mais intensa resultou no declínio do afeto.

Go tani and his influence on the kinesiology field in the brazilian scientific context / Go tani e sua influência no campo da cinesiologia no contexto científico brasileiro

ABSTRACT This study aimed to group some perspectives on Go Tani's epistemological activity in the context of Brazilian Physical Education (PE), establishing his contributions and reflections on Kinesiology for the structuring of undergraduate and graduate Physical Education in Brazil. This is a bibliographical and exploratory study, which prioritized Tani's production on the most varied platforms and the materials that circulated about Kinesiology in national and international literature. Finally, through the theoretical review, it was possible to identify that the PE field is a scenario full of disputes and that even with the transformations of paradigms that infer the legitimate alternatives in the scientific context, the relationships that are established between the different schools of PE thought have erupted in a process of mutual incomprehension that contributes to the circularity of perspectives and the maintenance of beliefs in the field.

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou agrupar algumas perspectivas sobre a atividade epistemológica de Go Tani no contexto da Educação Física (EF) brasileira, estabelecendo suas contribuições e reflexões a partir da Cinesiologia para a estruturação da graduação e da pós-graduação em Educação Física no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico e exploratório, o qual priorizou a produção de Tani nas mais variadas plataformas, bem como os materiais que circularam sobre a Cinesiologia na literatura nacional e internacional. Por fim, através da referida revisão teórica, foi possível identificar que o campo da EF é um cenário repleto de disputas e que mesmo com as transformações dos paradigmas que inferem nas alternativas legítimas no contexto científico, as relações que são estabelecidas entre as distintas escolas de pensamento da EF têm eclodido num processo de interincompreensão que contribui com a circularidade de perspectivas e a manutenção de crenças no campo.

Parâmetros de dificuldade e discriminação das tarefas motoras do instrumento KTK: uma análise a partir da teoria de resposta ao item / Difficulty and discrimination parameters of the KTK instrument motor tasks: an analysis from item response theory

RESUMO Nas últimas décadas o uso da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI) tem sido implementada devido à complexidade dos cálculos estatísticos que permite analisar com profundidade testes educacionais, questionários e listas de itens aplicados em diferentes áreas como a psicometria, ranking esportivo e pedagogia. A partir dessa premissa este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a adequabilidade das tarefas motoras do KTK analisando o grau de dificuldade e parâmetro de discriminação de cada tarefa motora. Participaram do estudo 385 crianças de 5 a 14 anos. O instrumento avaliado foi o KTK (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder), composto por quatro tarefas motoras: trave de equilíbrio, saltos monopedais, saltos laterais e transposição de plataformas. As análises foram conduzidas a partir dos dados brutos adquiridos em cada tarefa motora. A fim de verificar a estrutura fatorial da matriz teórica subjacente ao teste, foi realizada uma análise fatorial exploratória seguida da análise fatorial confirmatória. Os parâmetros de dificuldade e discriminação de cada tarefa motora foram analisados a partir do modelo de resposta gradual, fundamentado na teoria de resposta ao item (TRI). Os resultados corroboram com a estrutura fatorial sugerida na versão original do KTK, apresentando apenas um fator, chamado de coordenação motora. Os indicadores da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC) foram aceitáveis, indicando boa qualidade do modelo ajustado para a amostra. Conclui-se que a análise de TRI evidenciou diferenças nos parâmetros de dificuldade e de discriminação entre as tarefas motoras do KTK, demonstrando a importância de considerar uma ponderação na criação de tabelas normativas de avaliações motoras.

ABSTRACT In the last decades, the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) has been implemented due to the complexity of statistical calculations that allows for in-depth analysis of educational tests, questionnaires and lists of items applied in different areas such as psychometry, sports ranking and pedagogy. Based on this premise, this study aimed to verify the suitability of the KTK motor tasks analyzing the degree of difficulty and discrimination parameters of each motor task. A total of 385 children aged 5 to 14 years participated in the study. The instrument evaluated was the KTK (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder), consisting of four motor tasks: balance beam, single-pedal jumps, side jumps and platform transposition. Analyzes were conducted from the raw data acquired in each motor task. In order to verify the factor structure of the theoretical matrix underlying the test, an exploratory factor analysis was performed, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis. The difficulty and discrimination parameters of each motor task were analyzed using the gradual response model, based on the Item Response Theory (IRT). The results corroborate the factor structure suggested in the original version of the KTK, presenting only one factor, called motor coordination. The AFC indicators were acceptable, indicating good quality of the model adjusted for the sample. It is concluded that the IRT analysis evidenced differences in the parameters of difficulty and discrimination between the KTK motor tasks, demonstrating the importance of considering a weighting in the creation of normative tables of motor assessments.

Efeito de uma intervenção com jogos digitas e webgames na motivação intrínseca em escolares / Effect of an intervention with digital games and webgames on intrinsic motivation in schools

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma intervenção com jogos digitais associados aos webgames na motivação intrínseca de crianças de uma escola pública de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Participaram deste estudo de desenho de um estudo de intervenção pedagógica não randomizado, 50 estudantes (52% de meninas), com idade média de 6,7 (±0,54) anos. Duas turmas da escola foram transformadas em dois grupos de pesquisa: 1) grupo intervenção (vivência prévia de jogos digitais no computador e webgames durante as aulas de educação física); e 2) grupo controle (apenas vivência de webgame). O Inventário de Motivação Intrínseca foi o instrumento utilizado, e para comparação intra e intergrupos utilizou-se o método de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Não foi identificado efeito isolado do grupo ou interação grupo vs momento, o que indica que o grupo submetido a intervenção não se diferiu do grupo controle ao longo do tempo em termos de motivação. Conclui-se que o tipo de intervenção pedagógica realizada não foi capaz de aumentar a motivação intrínseca do grupo intervenção, sugerindo a necessidade de adaptações na estrutura e estratégias da intervenção em um próximo estudo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of an intervention with digital games associated with webgames on the intrinsic motivation of children from a public school in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (Brazil). 50 students (52% girls) participated in this design study of non-randomized pedagogical intervention study, with a mean age of 6.7 (± 0.54) years. Two classroom groups were transformed into two research groups: 1) intervention group (preview experience of digital games on the computer and webgames during physical education classes); and 2) control group (only experience of webgame). The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was the instrument used, and for intra and intergroup comparison, the Generalized Estimation Equations method was used, adopting a significance level of 5%. No isolated effect of the group or interaction between group vs moment was identified, which indicates that the group submitted to the intervention did not differ from the control group over time in terms of motivation. It is concluded that the type of pedagogical intervention performed was not able to increase the intrinsic motivation OF GROUP I, suggesting the need for adaptations in the structure and strategies of the intervention for future research.

Association between frequency of physical education classes and heart rate variability in adolescents boys: a cross-sectional study / Associação entre frequência de aulas de educação física e variabilidade de frequência cardíaca em meninos adolescentes: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Physical inactivity is associated with low heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents. However, whether the number of physical education (PE) classes impact HRV remains unclear. This cross-sectional study verified the association between the frequency of PE classes and HRV parameters in male adolescents. This study included 1152 boys (16.6 ± 1.2 years). The quantity of PE classes was assessed though questionnaire and the adolescents were stratified accordingly (no PE class; one PE class/wk; ≥2 PE classes/wk). Time- (SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50) and frequency-domains (LF, HF, sympathovagal balance) of HRV were obtained. Generalized Linear Models were used for comparing the HRV parameters according to the quantity of PE classes, adjusting for confounders. There was no difference in HRV measures of time: (SDNN, p = 0.77; RMSSD, p=0.72; PNN50, p=0.83) and frequency (LF, p=0.61; HF, p=0.61; sympathovagal balance, p=0.60) between the different frequencies of PE classes. The frequency of PE classes in not associated with HRV parameters of male adolescents.

RESUMO A inatividade física está associada à baixa variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em adolescentes. Entretanto, não está claro se o número de aulas de Educação Física (EF) causa impacto na VFC. Este estudo transversal verificou a associação entre a frequência das aulas de EF com parâmetros de VFC em adolescentes do sexo masculino. Foram incluídos 1.152 meninos (16,6 ± 1,2 anos). A quantidade de aulas de EF foi avaliada através de questionário e os adolescentes foram estratificados de acordo (nenhuma aula de EF; uma aula de EF / sem; ≥2 aulas de EF / sem). Os domínios do tempo (SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50) e da frequência (LF, HF, balanço simpático-vagal) da VFC foram obtidos. Modelos Lineares Generalizados foram usados ​​para comparar os parâmetros da VFC de acordo com a quantidade de aulas de EF, ajustando para fatores de confusão. Não houve diferença nas medidas de VFC de tempo: (SDNN, p = 0,77; RMSSD, p = 0,72; PNN50, p = 0,83) e frequência (LF, p = 0,61; HF, p = 0,61; balanço simpatovagal, p = 0,60) entre as diferentes frequências das aulas de EF. A frequência das aulas de EF não está associada aos parâmetros de VFC de adolescentes do sexo masculino.

Do fundamental movement skills, physical activity and enjoyment among inactive student during the covid-19 era improve after exergame? / Habilidades fundamentais de movimento, atividade física e prazer em estudantes inativos durante a pandemia de covid-19 melhoram após o exergame?

ABSTRACT The low fundamental movement skills, physical activity and enjoyment students in the COVID-19 era are gaps in this study. This study aims to examine the effects of exergame on fundamental movement skills, physical activity and enjoyment in among inactive students during the COVID-19 era. Quantitative research with experimental methods was used in this study. There were 26 children allocated to the exergame group (n=13; age: 7.20±1.30 years; height: 1.38±2.38 cm; weight: 31.60±4.50 kg and a control group n=13; age: 7.40±1.14 years; height: 1.36±3.08 cm; weight: 28.40±3.43 kg). The intervention program was conducted for nine weeks. Fundamental movement skills children were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition and physical activity was measured using the ActiGraph GT9X Link accelerometer, while enjoyment was assessed using the physical education curriculum enjoyment scale. The results showed that the implementation of exergame was proven to improve fundamental movement skills, physical activity and enjoyment significantly, however there was no increase in the control group. This research is evidence that exergame is an effective tool to improve fundamental movement skills, physical activity and enjoyment in students during the COVID-19 era.

RESUMO As baixas habilidades fundamentais de movimento, atividade física e diversão dos alunos da era COVID-19 são lacunas neste estudo. Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar os efeitos do exergame nas habilidades fundamentais de movimento, atividade física e diversão em alunos inativos durante a era COVID-19. Pesquisa quantitativa com métodos experimentais foi utilizada neste estudo. Havia 26 crianças alocadas no grupo exergame (n = 13; idade: 7,20 ± 1,30 anos; altura: 1,38 ± 2,38 cm; peso: 31,60 ± 4,50 kg e um grupo controle n = 13; idade: 7,40 ± 1,14 anos; altura : 1,36 ± 3,08 cm; peso: 28,40 ± 3,43 kg). O programa de intervenção durou nove semanas. As crianças com habilidades fundamentais de movimento foram avaliadas usando Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition e a atividade física foi medida usando o acelerômetro ActiGraph GT9X Link, enquanto o prazer foi avaliado usando a escala de prazer do currículo de educação física. Os resultados mostraram que a implementação do exergame demonstrou melhorar significativamente as habilidades fundamentais de movimento, atividade física e prazer. No entanto, não houve aumento no grupo controle. Esta pesquisa é uma evidência de que o exergame é uma ferramenta eficaz para melhorar as habilidades fundamentais de movimento, atividade física e diversão em alunos durante a era COVID-19.

Effect of varied plyometric training in land and aquatic medium on anaerobic power of athletes / Efeito do treinamento pliométrico variado em meio terrestre e aquático na potência anaeróbia de atletas

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of varied plyometric training (land plyometric training, aqua plyometric training and weighted vest aqua-plyometric training) on anaerobic power of school athletes. A total of forty eight (n= 48) district level school athletes were randomly selected. All the subjects were divided into four equal groups: i) land plyometric training group (n=12), ii) aqua plyometric training group (n=12), iii) aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest group (n=12) and iv) control group (n=12). The varied plyometric training was intervened for fourteen weeks in the respective training groups. In the present study, anaerobic power was considered as the dependent variable, and it was measured by Margaria-Kalamen power test. To draw statistical inferences on anaerobic power among the groups in pre and post intervention conditions, ANCOVA was used, followed by Tukey's LSD post-hoc test. The significance of the means was tested at the 0.05 level. Different plyometric training groups improved significantly with respect to the control group in anaerobic power. Therefore, various plyometric training was found as an effective means for developing anaerobic power. A significant difference was also observed between the aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest group and land plyometric training group in anaerobic power. However, rest of the experimental groups didn't differ significantly. Aqua-plyometric training with weighted vest is a more effective training method than land plyometric training for improving the anaerobic power of the school athletes.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir o efeito do treinamento pliométrico variado (treinamento pliométrico terrestre, treinamento aquapliométrico e treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado) na potência anaeróbica de atletas escolares. Um total de quarenta e oito (n= 48) atletas escolares de nível distrital foram selecionados aleatoriamente. Todos os sujeitos foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais: i) grupo treinamento pliométrico terrestre (n=12), ii) grupo treinamento aquapliométrico (n=12), iii) grupo treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado (n=12) e iv) grupo controle (n=12). O treino pliométrico variado foi intervencionado durante quatorze semanas nos respectivos grupos de treino. No presente estudo, a potência anaeróbia foi considerada como variável dependente e foi mensurada pelo teste de potência de Margaria-Kalamen. Para fazer inferências estatísticas sobre a potência anaeróbica entre os grupos nas condições pré e pós-intervenção, foi utilizada a ANCOVA, seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey LSD. A significância das médias foi testada no nível 0,05. Diferentes grupos de treinamento pliométrico melhoraram significativamente em relação ao grupo controle na potência anaeróbica. Portanto, vários treinamentos pliométricos foram encontrados como um meio eficaz para o desenvolvimento da potência anaeróbica. Uma diferença significativa também foi observada entre o grupo de treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado e o grupo de treinamento pliométrico terrestre na potência anaeróbica. No entanto, o resto dos grupos experimentais não diferiram significativamente. O treinamento aquapliométrico com colete ponderado é um método de treinamento mais eficaz do que o treinamento pliométrico terrestre para melhorar a potência anaeróbica dos atletas escolares.

Physical education teachers of the basic public education of Minas Gerais in the pandemic of Covid-19: working conditions, health and lifestyle / Professores de educação física da educação pública básica de Minas Gerais na pandemia da Covid-19: condições de trabalho, saúde e estilo de vida

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the working and health conditions of physical education teachers in public basic education in the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional study, carried out from August to September 2020, via digital form and had the support of the Minas Gerais State Department of Education. The instrument presented variables related to the sociodemographic profile, work and health conditions during the pandemic. The prevalences of the variables were presented. 1,016 physical education teachers participated in the study. Of these, 61.4% were female, 65.8% aged 21 to 40 years and 15.3% worked in the countryside. In relation to working conditions during the pandemic, 99% performed remote activities, 35.7% were dissatisfied with their work, 37% worked much more than they used to and 81.2% presented the interest of students/parents in classes as a difficulty. As for health conditions during the pandemic, 10.3% increased their consumption of alcoholic beverages, 26.1% did not practice physical exercise, 56.5% had increased body weight and 37.8% reported a lot of fear of COVID-19. Physical education teachers of basic education in the state of Minas Gerais were significantly affected by the pandemic, so it is important to implement support strategies.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou descrever as condições de trabalho e saúde dos professores de educação física da educação básica pública do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Estudo transversal, realizado de agosto a setembro de 2020, via formulário digital e contou com o apoio da Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Minas Gerais. O instrumento apresentou variáveis referentes ao perfil sociodemográfico, condições de trabalho e saúde durante a pandemia. Foram apresentadas as prevalências das variáveis. Participaram do estudo 1.016 professores de educação física. Destes, 61,4% eram mulheres, 65,8% com idade de 21 a 40 anos e 15,3% trabalhavam na zona rural. Em relação às condições de trabalho durante a pandemia, 99% realizaram atividades remotas, 35,7% estavam insatisfeitos com o trabalho, 37% trabalharam muito mais que costumavam e 81,2% apresentaram como dificuldade o interesse dos alunos/pais pelas aulas. Quanto às condições de saúde durante a pandemia, 10,3% aumentaram o consumo de bebidas alcóolicas, 26,1% não praticaram exercício físico, 56,5% tiveram aumento de peso corporal e 37,8% relataram muito medo da COVID-19. Os professores de educação física da educação básica do estado de Minas Gerais foram significativamente afetados pela pandemia, portanto é importante implementação de estratégias de apoio.